Effects of different green manure treatments on soil apparent N and P balance under a 34-year double-rice cropping system

Purpose

Although green manure rotation is often used to promote soil fertility and crop yield, the effects of this management practice on the nitrogen or phosphorus balance and the relationship between nutrient balance and the increase in soil nutrients have not been systematically studied.

Materials and methods

We investigated the apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balances and their associations with soil nitrogen and phosphorus increases, respectively, in a 34-year-old experimental site with various green manures and rice rotations using linear and logistic models. Cropping treatments included a rice-rice-winter fallow treatment as a control (RRW) and three green manure rotation treatments: rice-rice-ryegrass (RRR), rice-rice-oil rape (RRO), and rice-rice-Chinese milk vetch (RRC).

Results and discussion

We found that apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balances of RRR, RRO, and RRC were 164, 162, and 149 kg hm^?2, which were all significantly lower than 200 kg hm^?2 of RRW (P <?0.05). Moreover, the optimal fitted model of the relationship between cumulative nutrient balance and the increase in soil nutrients was different among treatments. Specifically, the correlation coefficients of cumulative nitrogen balance and soil nitrogen increase of RRR, RRO, and RRC in the linear model (0.49, 0.80, and 0.63) were all significantly lower than in the logistic model (0.81, 0.90, and 0.82). The correlation coefficients of cumulative phosphorus balance and increase in soil phosphorus of RRW in the linear model (0.81) were significantly lower than in the logistic model (0.91). Parameter analysis of the optimal fitted model revealed that RRC would increase the storage capacity of soil nitrogen and decrease the rate of soil phosphorus accumulation.

Conclusions

Our results suggested that long-term rice-rice-green manure rotation could significantly change the apparent nitrogen and phosphorus balance and their association with soil nitrogen and phosphorus content, respectively. Our study highlights the importance of green manure rotation in an agro-ecological environment and soil fertility in a double rice cropping system in red paddy soil.

     

张家口季节变化特征及其对农业的影响

【目的】分析张家口地区季节变化特征及其对农业的影响,为当地农业结构布局、农业气象服务提供科学依据。【方法】基于1965—2014年张家口地区14个站点逐日气象资料,采用5d滑动平均、气候倾向率、Mann-Kendall和滑动t检验方法分析四季开始日与长度的变化特征,并结合相关分析等方法研究了季节变化对农作物的影响。【结果】近50年来,张家口地区春夏季开始日提前、秋冬季开始日推迟;坝上地区春季和坝下地区夏季日数呈现显著延长趋势,坝上和坝下地区冬季日数均呈显著缩短趋势,秋季长度变化趋势不明显;突变分析得到坝下地区夏季开始日在1980年和1992年发生突变,秋、冬开始日则分别在1982年、2011年发生突变,坝下地区春季开始日和坝上地区四季开始日均无有效突变。【结论】春季提前,秋季推后,使得农作物适宜生长期延长,大于等于10℃活动积温增加,同时增加了作物遭受倒春寒的频次和生产的不稳定性。     

Effects of dietary coated protease on growth performance,feed utilization,nutrient apparent digestibility,intestinal and hepatopancreas structure in juvenile Gibel carp (Carassius auratus gibelio)

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary protease on growth performance, feed utilization, whole‐body proximate composition, nutrient digestibility, intestinal and hepatopancreas structure of juvenile Gibel carp, Carassius auratus gibelio (mean weight 8.08 ± 0.18 g). Six diets were prepared, including a positive control diet (dietary protein 350 g/kg, PC), one negative control diet (dietary protein 33 g/kg, NC) and four protease supplementations diets, which were 75, 150, 300 and 600 mg/kg protease NC diet. After 12 weeks of diet feeding in indoor recycle aquarium tanks, no significant difference (p > .05) was found on growth performance between fish fed diet with 75–600 mg/kg protease and the PC group. Compared with the fish fed the NC diet, the specific growth rate of fish fed 300 mg/kg protease increased significantly (p < .05), as well as protein efficiency ratios (p < .05), while feed conversion was the opposite (p < .05). The nutrient digestibility of crude protein and lipid was higher (p < .05) in fish fed 150 mg/kg protease diet than the PC diet. Whole‐body proximate composition of fish was not affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatment. Serum alkaline phosphatase and albumin were significantly affected by dietary protease (p < .05), while the content of total protein, glucose, triglyceride, total cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase activities in serum was not affected (p > .05). Foregut muscular thickness was thinner (p < .05), when the fish fed diets supplementation of protease in 150 or 600 mg/kg diet than the NC diet. Protease activities in hepatopancreas and foregut were higher (p < .05), in the fish fed 150 or 300 mg/kg protease diet than the fish fed the PC diet, but those in the mid‐ and hindgut were not significantly affected (p > .05) by the dietary treatments. Based on the regression analysis of weight gain rate, the optimal dietary inclusion level of protease was 400 mg/kg in the diet for juvenile Carassius auratus gibelio.     

山苍子精油对辣椒疫霉生长发育的影响及对辣椒疫病的防效

为明确山苍子精油防治植物疫病的应用前景,在室内离体条件下测定其对辣椒疫霉Phytophthora capsici菌丝生长、孢子囊形成与萌发、游动孢子萌发的毒力,观测经山苍子精油处理后菌丝生长量及形态结构、细胞膜通透性和可溶性蛋白含量的变化;采用离体叶片法和灌根法分别测定山苍子精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果和治疗效果。结果表明,山苍子精油对辣椒疫霉的菌丝生长、孢子囊形成与萌发以及游动孢子萌发的有效中浓度EC_(50)分别为161.49、29.68、231.80、90.68 mg/L;EC_(50)和EC_(75)的山苍子精油处理显著降低了辣椒疫霉菌丝的鲜重和干重,抑制率均在49.71%以上,亦可显著降低菌丝中可溶性蛋白含量,抑制率分别为10.77%和18.47%;用山苍子精油处理菌丝后,其顶端生长受到抑制,分枝明显增多、间距缩短;细胞膜通透性增大。1 000 mg/L山苍子精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果达63.33%(离体叶片法),2 000 mg/L精油对辣椒疫病的预防效果和治疗效果分别达80.00%和68.00%(灌根法,7 d),均显著高于对照药剂嘧菌酯。表明山苍子精油是辣椒疫霉的有效抑制剂,在辣椒疫病综合治理中具有较大的应用潜力。     

禾谷镰孢荧光定量检测体系的建立及其在玉米苗枯病上的应用

为实现对田间土壤中禾谷镰孢Fusarium graminearum的定量检测,本研究构建了土壤含菌量与玉米苗枯病病情指数的回归模型。基于禾谷镰孢甾醇14α-去甲基化酶基因CYP51C序列,设计特异性引物HQ1-F/HQ1-R,利用引物建立实时荧光定量PCR(RT-q PCR)体系,选取4个玉米自交系品种进行室内苗枯病接种试验,调查其病情指数,利用RT-qPCR体系检测土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量,并对病情指数和土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量进行回归。结果表明,仅禾谷镰孢扩增出目的条带并且可从多种病原菌土壤中检测出。RT-qPCR的熔解曲线具有单一吸收峰,扩增曲线的循环阈值与模板浓度呈良好的线性关系,扩增效率为104.7%,标准曲线为y=-3.2137x+34.9560(R~2=0.9968),最低可检测到1 pg/μL的DNA。随着土壤禾谷镰孢接菌量的增加,单位土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量呈线性增加,即y=13.603x-85.370(R~2=0.9998)。4个玉米品种的病情指数与土壤禾谷镰孢含菌量的回归曲线分别为y=0.0789x+22.0590(R~2=0.7949)、y=0.0304x+7.8686(R~2=0.9579)、y=0.0458x+23.7540(R~2=0.5420)、y=0.0471x+32.0760(R~2=0.6753)。     

干白葡萄酒增香酿造工艺参数优化

试验以一种酿酒葡萄为原料,利用顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用技术(HS-SPME/GC-MS)检测了不同可同化氮含量(200、300、400 mg/L)、酵母多糖(150、250、350 mg/L)、发酵温度(14、18、22℃)、初始pH值(3.3、3.5、3.7)和SO2添加量(40、70、100 mg/L)处理发酵酒样中的挥发性香气化合物,探讨了复合酿造因子对贵人香干白葡萄酒主要香气物质含量的影响关系。结果表明,300 mg/L的可同化氮有利于高级醇、酯类、单萜化合物的积累;酵母多糖添加量为250 mg/L时,单萜化合物质量分数达到最大值(198.54μg/L);发酵温度从14℃升高到22℃时,高级醇含量显著升高,酯类和单萜含量显著降低;提高葡萄汁初始pH有利于单萜化合物的积累,不利于高级醇、酯类的生成;添加70 mg/L的SO2时,单萜化合物质量分数最高(181.73μg/L)。正交试验极差分析表明,发酵温度和SO2添加量对高级醇含量影响较大;发酵温度与可同化氮对酯类香气物质含量的影响较大,酵母多糖和pH值对单萜类香气物质含量影响较大。各处理组间的聚类分析可知,可同化氮和酵母多糖对主要香气化合物的影响关联度较高、葡萄汁初始pH值和SO2添加量关联度较高。较低的发酵温度有利于酒样中香叶醇、异戊醇、苯乙醇、辛酸乙酯的生成,添加中等浓度的可同化氮和酵母多糖可促进乙酸异戊酯、乙酸己酯和己酸乙酯的合成,较高的初始pH值有利于芳樟醇、香茅醇和香叶醇的积累。综合分析,发酵温度18℃、初始pH值3.5、70 mg/L SO2、300 mg/L可同化氮、250 mg/L酵母多糖酿造贵人香干白葡萄酒,可有效促进酒样中主要香气化合物的合成释放。     

特色烤烟品种筛选试验

对11 个烤烟品种进行了特色品种筛选试验。结果表明,南江三号的田间生长势最好; 红花大金元、云烟85、Va116 田间生长势较好,经济价值较高;GY2、GY5、GY8、G140 的田间生长 势最差,经济价值低;南江3 号的产量为152.83kg/亩、产值为2081.54 元/亩,在11 个烤烟品种中 最高;贵烟4 号的产值为1836 元/亩,烤后烟叶叶片薄厚适中,油分充足,组织为疏松,上中等烟比 例达到90.61%,烤后烟叶质量最好。     

农用柴油机曲轴疲劳极限测定

介绍3种满足农用柴油机曲轴特点的曲轴疲劳极限测定方法,分析了3种方法的优缺点、适用条件及范围,为今后农用柴油机曲轴疲劳极限测定时选用相关测定方法提供依据。      

无定河中游左岸监测区潜伏的土壤退化问题及其对策研究

本文在对无定河中游左岸监测区流域内农林业生产基地及主要农业作物进行详细调研后,选取不同地形结构(坡地、梯田和坝地)、不同措施配置(乔木林、灌木林)等10种农业用地的地类,进行土壤理化指标监测,并对监测结果进行横向和纵向两个层面分析,发现各种地类的各类指标均存在着不同水平的退化趋势,并针对问题提出了3项治理措施。     

三种寄主植物对小菜蛾实验种群特征的影响

为明确萝卜、白菜和油菜对小菜蛾实验种群特征的影响,测定了小菜蛾对3种寄主的取食量,通过构建两性生命表比较了不同寄主植物对其实验种群发育与繁殖的影响,并综合生命表与取食量参数,评价了小菜蛾对萝卜、白菜和油菜的危害。结果显示:小菜蛾幼虫在萝卜、油菜和白菜上的取食量差异显著,分别为93.3、105.0和114.7 mg/头。小菜蛾取食萝卜、白菜和油菜后,其幼虫的发育历期差异显著,依次为8.6、8.5和7.6 d;种群内禀增长率依次为0.18、0.23和0.23,周限增长率为1.19、1.26和1.26,净生殖率为18.7、46.1和30.6。取食萝卜的小菜蛾各发育阶段的存活率最低。小菜蛾对各供试寄主实际危害量占理论危害量的百分比为油菜(71.8%)白菜(70.8%)萝卜(53.0%)。表明同一时间内,小菜蛾对油菜危害程度最大,白菜次之,萝卜最小。